The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus: One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus is one of the most magnificent structures of the ancient world and is recognized as one of the "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World." Carian Satrap Mausolos began constructing this monumental tomb to preserve the splendor of his reign even after his death. However, after Mausolos passed away in 353 BCE, the construction was completed by his wife, Artemisia.

Construction and Architectural Features

Some of the most renowned architects and sculptors of the era contributed to the construction of the mausoleum. White marble from Marmara Island and green stones from the Koyunbaba Quarry in Bodrum were used in its construction. The architects of the mausoleum were Pytheos, who also designed the Temple of Athena in Priene, and Satyros. According to ancient texts, Pytheos’s craftsmanship was so refined that no additional decorations were needed.

The mausoleum was built on a 105x242-meter terrace and consisted of four main parts:

1. High Podium: The base of the tomb.
2. Ionian Columns: A section above the podium featuring 36 columns.
3. Stepped Roof: A 24-step pyramid-shaped roof.
4. Quadriga Statue: A chariot pulled by four horses and statues of Mausolos and Artemisia at the top of the structure.

The total height of the mausoleum reached approximately 50 meters. This impressive design combined Greek and Egyptian architectural elements, making it unique.

Art and Sculpture

The reliefs and other decorative elements of the mausoleum featured the work of prominent sculptors from the 4th century BCE, including Scopas, Leochares, Bryaxis, and Timotheus. Each sculptor worked on a specific side of the mausoleum:

• East Side: Scopas
• West Side: Leochares
• North Side: Bryaxis
• South Side: Timotheus

The chariot on the roof, known as the Quadriga, was designed by Pytheos. This statue symbolized the power and victory of Mausolos.

History and Later Periods

The ashes of Mausolos were placed in a chamber in the podium, and the door was permanently sealed. In keeping with the rituals of the time, various animals were sacrificed in front of the tomb to send Mausolos on his journey to the afterlife.

The mausoleum stood for nearly 1,650 years until it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1304 CE. Later, the Knights of St. John dismantled its stones to build Bodrum Castle, causing further destruction.

Excavations and Relics in the British Museum

In 1857, under the directive of Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid II, British archaeologist Charles Newton conducted excavations at the mausoleum site. Newton carefully documented and transported valuable artifacts from the mausoleum to the British Museum in London, where they remain on display today.

Between 1966 and 1977, a Danish team led by Prof. Dr. Kristian Jeppesen of Aarhus University conducted scientific excavations, thoroughly examining the sacred area of the mausoleum and detailing its plan.

The Mausoleum Museum

In 1982, the Mausoleum Museum was established to showcase the artifacts uncovered during the excavations. The museum features the mausoleum's plan, a model, small artifacts found during the excavations, and two original relief pieces. Visitors can also see the remains of the offering site and water channels near the mausoleum chamber.

The Legacy of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus reflects the architectural brilliance and artistic richness of the ancient world. The term "mausoleum," used to describe monumental tombs, originates from this structure. Despite the natural and human destruction over centuries, the foundation remnants of the mausoleum have survived, captivating archaeology enthusiasts.

If you are interested in history, a visit to Bodrum to see the remains of this extraordinary structure will offer a unique opportunity to experience the grandeur of the ancient world.